Purpose

For Freedom From Delusion Commentaries and Series go to : https://commentariesandseries.blogspot.com/


To Be Notified of New Posts, Please Click the “Follower” Notification Located Below the Blog Archive



Thursday, June 15, 2017

Salvation: or How to be Saved?



SALVATION: or How To Be Saved?

Before delving into the “ins and outs” of the meaning of the word “salvation”, let me state upfront exactly what salvation is at this current moment in time and likewise for the past two thousand years since the advent of Jesus Christ.

Since the resurrection and ascension of Jesus Christ, to be saved or obtain salvation is to be a functional practicing citizen of the Kingdom of God.  In other words, a person is either called as an elect member of the Kingdom or that person is not.  People like to believe they make the decision to follow Jesus but a citizen of the Kingdom has to be called by God.  Jesus explained this truth (Matthew 22:14 & John 6:44) and Paul later restated it.

Matthew 22:14 KJV  For many are called, but few are chosen.

John 6:44-45 NET  No one can come to me unless the Father who sent me draws him, and I will raise him up at the last day.  (45)  It is written in the prophets, 'And they will all be taught by God.' (Is 54:13) Everyone who hears and learns from the Father comes to me.

Romans 8:28-30 NET  And we know that all things work together for good for those who love God, who are called according to his purpose,  (29)  because those whom he foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son, that his Son would be the firstborn among many brothers and sisters.  (30)  And those he predestined, he also called; and those he called, he also justified; and those he justified, he also glorified.

2 Timothy 1:9 KJV  Who hath saved us, and called us with an holy calling, not according to our works, but according to His own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ Jesus before the world began,

Jesus specifically says in John 6:44 that no one can come to Him unless God the Father draws or calls that person.  Roman 8:29 and 2 Tim 1:9 states this calling occurred before the world began and this calling was for His specific purpose and grace.

Those Who Died Before the Advent of Jesus
On the surface, it would appear that the billions who died prior to the birth, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ could not be called by God to follow Him and the principles of the Kingdom of God.  However, the apostle Peter gives the answer to the problem that most of us have missed.

At the moment of His death, as His earthly body was still hanging on the cross, Jesus was made alive in the Spirit.  At this time, He entered the dimension of the dead (some refer to it as Hades, the grave, or Hell) and preached the Gospel of the Kingdom to the dead souls (or spirits).  In 1 Peter 4:6 it is implied the dead would be able to consider the spiritual implications of God’s standards.

1 Peter 3:18-19 KJV  For Christ also hath once suffered for sins, the just for the unjust, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh, but quickened by the Spirit:  (19)  By which also he went and preached unto the spirits in prison;

1 Peter 4:6 NET  Now it was for this very purpose that the gospel was preached to those who are now dead, so that though they were judged in the flesh by human standards they may live spiritually by God's standards.

Contradictions?
It may appear that the theology of being called by God versus other scripture verses contradict each other.  The statement consisting of “Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved” seems to be a more simplistic concept than the “citizen of the Kingdom of God” as outlined above.  The jailor featured in Acts 16:30 would have been called by the Holy Spirit according to the scriptures.  In the jailor’s situation the concept of believing could possibly include the Gospel and a submission of his services to the Kingdom of God.  There is much more to salvation than just claiming to believe.

Acts 16:30-31 KJV  And brought them out, and said, Sirs, what must I do to be saved?  (31)  And they said, Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved, and thy house.

Romans 10:13 basically states that one only needs to call on the name of the Lord to be saved which is a variant of believe on the Lord Jesus Christ.  As an example, suppose someone said, “Hey Lord, I’m calling on Your Name, am I saved now?”  This statement will appear ridiculous to most people.  There is apparently a deeper meaning and understanding than just these particular words in 10:13 since other scriptures insist on a deeper meaning.  Unfortunately, many people only read one and two lines of scripture and believe they have the complete answer to the salvation issue.

Romans 10:13 KJV  For whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved.

Paul adds more detail to the process in Titus 3:5 by adding the mercy of God, a regeneration of our spirit, and the receiving of a token of the Holy Spirit.

Titus 3:5 KJV  Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost;

There are at least two examples of demons recognizing the identity of Jesus and it could be said they are calling the name of the Lord but not necessarily “calling ON” the name.

James 2:19 NET  You believe that God is one; well and good. Even the demons believe that — and tremble with fear.

Matthew 8:29 NET  They cried out, "Son of God, leave us alone! Have you come here to torment us before the time?"

The familiar Ephesians 2:8 verse gives much more depth and detail to the salvation experience issue.  One is saved by the grace of God through faith.  However that faith is not your personal invention but is given to you by God as a gift.

Ephesians 2:8 KJV  For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God:

The book of James has been stigmatized by some theologians for its assertion that works are a sign of salvation.  It has been said that Martin Luther thought the book should be omitted from the New Testament.

Ephesians 2:8-10 KJV  For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God:  (9)  Not of works, lest any man should boast.  (10)  For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus unto good works, which God hath before ordained that we should walk in them.

Of course, James was saying that a Kingdom citizen would be compelled by the Holy Spirit to perform good works as Jesus taught that principle.  It appears some people of his time were taking Paul’s phrase “you have been saved by grace and not by works” and claiming that good works were not necessary.

Dictionary Definition of “Saved”
The word “saved” is used 57 times in the KJV New Testament.  Below is a Greek dictionary definition.  Always keep in mind that Greek dictionaries are influenced by the opinions and theology of the authors.  There is no longer a 1st century Greek speaking individual to validate any definition.

Word Study Dictionary:  sōzō  sode'-zo  (saved)
Specifically of salvation from eternal death, sin, and the punishment and misery consequent to sin. To save, and (by implication), to give eternal life. Especially of Christ as the Savior.

The basic meaning of the verb sṓzō is to rescue from peril, to protect, keep alive. Sṓzō involves the preservation of life, either physical or spiritual.

Certain ministers, particularly Baptist preachers, will often exclaim that “once saved – always saved”.  There is a certain amount of truth in that statement but first it must be explained exactly what a saved person is saved from. 

Several early Church Fathers, the most prominent being Origen, believed in “universal reconciliation”, meaning all creation will eventually be conformed to the Glory of God.  Augustin did away with universal reconciliation and began the theology of eternal death and suffering within the Lake of Fire.  The eternal fiery hell theory has been proclaimed since Augustin and is today used as a weapon against the unsaved i.e. “believe in Jesus Christ or burn in hell forever”.

Two Resurrections
To my knowledge, the Bible teaches two resurrections.  The first will occur any day now (NO, there will not be a tribulation period as described by Tim LaHaye, although things are becoming somewhat lawless at the present) and the second will take place at the end of the thousand year Millennial Kingdom and is called the Great White Throne Judgement.

The first resurrection, at the return of Jesus Christ, will only include the elect overcomers of all past ages and a few still alive (”many as called but few are chosen”).  At His return, Jesus will receive His Jacob inheritance which is the fruitfulness promise first given to Abraham, then Isaac, Jacob, and finally Ephraim and Manasseh (who are mostly living in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, USA, Great Britain, and parts of Europe). 

An overcomer is essentially a person who forgives and lives by the principles and standards of the Jubilee which is forgiveness of all things.  It is a person living the principles of the Kingdom of God (i.e. the laws and standards of Jesus Christ).  It is one who is coming into a state of maturity in Him.  An Overcomer is putting on His Father’s mind and coming into agreement with Him.  He is learning to say “Amen” to all that God does, bearing witness to Him in all things, and not disagreeing with Him.  In essence an Overcomer is one who is coming to understand the Father and His ways.

All who are called are most likely saved in some manner, but Jesus stated that “many are called, but few are chosen”.

Matthew 22:14 KJV  For many are called, but few are chosen.

The Parable of the Great Banquet (Luke 14:16-24) tells the story of a certain man (Jesus) who prepared a great banquet (the Millennial Reign or Kingdom of God) and invited (or called) many people.  A servant of the man was sent to inform the called individuals that the great banquet was ready.  However, each invited (called) guest gave the servant some lame excuse and said they would not be able to attend.

This certain man became irate at this news and told his servant, “Go out quickly to the streets and alleys of the city, and bring in the poor, the crippled, the blind, and the lame”.  After performing this task the servant replied, “Sir, what you instructed has been done, and there is still room”.  So then the certain man said to his servant, “Go out to the highways and country roads and urge people to come in, so that my house will be filled”.

Luke 14:24 NET  For I tell you, not one of those individuals who were invited will taste my banquet!

Again, many are called, but few are chosen.

The chosen few will experience the first resurrection.  This group is referred to as the elect or the overcomers.  The remainder of the dead from Adam through the Millennium, which is the Kingdom of God, will be resurrected at the end of the 1000 years.

Like John the Baptist, Jesus preached the coming of the Kingdom of God.  It is my belief this Kingdom and the Millennial Reign are the same.  Only the dead overcomers and a few living overcomers will be resurrected at the return of Jesus to be teachers, administrators, and care takers of the Kingdom of God under the authority of the King  Jesus Christ. 

The second resurrection will consist of two groups of people.  The somewhat righteous individuals who have undergone a salvation experience of some type will represent the sheep on one side and the lawless individuals with no salvation experience will represent the goats on the other side.  Note in John 5:28 that all (i.e. everyone) in the graves (i.e. the dead - no live people mentioned) will come forth in a resurrection.  Those that have done good (the saved) will be judged out of the “book of life” (Revelation 20:12) and those that have done evil will be judged out of other books which are most likely the books of the Law of God.

John 5:28-29 KJV  Marvel not at this: for the hour is coming, in the which all that are in the graves shall hear his voice,  (29)  And shall come forth; they that have done good, unto the resurrection of life; and they that have done evil, unto the resurrection of damnation.

Revelation 20:12 KJV  And I saw the dead, small and great, stand before God; and the books were opened: and another book was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead were judged out of those things which were written in the books, according to their works.

A few people mistakenly claim there are three resurrections but they are confusing the two groups (sheep and goats) of the second resurrection as two separate events.

The Harvests
The barley is the first harvest of the growing season.  The barley is the first fruits and is represented by the first resurrection consisting of the elect overcomers.  The second harvest is wheat.  Jesus’ teaching or parable of the wheat and tares (Matthew 13:24-30) represents the second resurrection.  The tares are not removed until the harvest is occurring when they are easily recognizable and cam then be bound together and burned in the fire.  The wheat is then threshed until it consists of only wheat seeds. 

At the White Throne Judgment the threshed wheat receives minor discipline to make them pure while the tares will be burned by the refining and purifying judgment of God which is metaphorically described as the fire of God in the scriptures and as the Lake of Fire in the last chapters of the Revelation.

Luke 12:49 NET  "I have come to bring fire on the earth — and how I wish it were already kindled!

Matthew 25:31-34, 41 KJV  When the Son of man shall come in his glory, and all the holy angels with him, then shall he sit upon the throne of his glory:  (32)  And before him shall be gathered all nations: and he shall separate them one from another, as a shepherd divides his sheep from the goats:  (33)  And he shall set the sheep on his right hand, but the goats on the left.  (34)  Then shall the King say unto them on his right hand, Come, ye blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world:   (41)  Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting (aionios) fire, prepared for the devil and his angels:

Aionios is considered by many to be a mistranslation that should be “for an age”.  More detail for be given later in a section entitled Aionios.

In another story or parable, Jesus referred to the second resurrection and metaphorically describes the kind or type of punishment (or judgement by the fire of God) various levels of the unlawful will receive.  The evil slave will be metaphorically cut in two and assigned a place with the unfaithful (perhaps atheists, agnostics, Muslims, Kabbalist Jews, Luciferians, or Satanists).  A saved individual who was aware of the law but didn’t perform it will receive a severe beating.  (Note that a beating was a type of punishment for wrongdoers in the Mosaic Law).  Those unaware of the Law (such as perhaps an Amazon Indian) but still performed a few unlawful acts will receive a light beating.  The more one knows of the Law and refuses to perform it the more severe the punishment in the judgment of the fire of God .

Luke 12:46-48 NET  then the master of that slave will come on a day when he does not expect him and at an hour he does not foresee, and will cut him in two, and assign him a place with the unfaithful.  (47)  That servant who knew his master's will but did not get ready or do what his master asked will receive a severe beating.  (48)  But the one who did not know his master's will and did things worthy of punishment will receive a light beating. From everyone who has been given much, much will be required, and from the one who has been entrusted with much, even more will be asked.

I Never Knew You
An interesting and perhaps problematic scripture occurs in Matthew 7:21.  Many commentators have misunderstood these verses to indicate that very few individuals will be saved and be raptured to heaven.  Actually no one will be raptured to heaven and according to the universal reconciliation principle everyone will eventually be redeemed although it may take several thousands of years.

Again, the main preaching point of Jesus was the coming Kingdom of God (or Kingdom of Heaven as identified in the book of Matthew).  Most of the resurrection teaching of Jesus focused on the first resurrection with the second resurrection hinted at twice.  Paul almost entirely devoted his resurrection teaching to the first one with only a hint of the second which can be found in Acts – not his letters.

Acts 24:15 KJV  And have hope toward God, which they themselves also allow, that there shall be a resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust.

In verse 7:21 below, Jesus is referring to the overcomers of the first resurrection entering into the Kingdom of Heaven as a glorified entity.  Many others, who think they should have glorified bodies will be told they were called but not chosen.  They were Church people with a token of the Holy Spirit and apparently performed some good deeds perhaps because they were basically good people, but otherwise they were significant violators of the Law of God and were not deemed an overcomer.

Matthew 7:21-23 KJV  Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in heaven.  (22)  Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils? and in thy name done many wonderful works?  (23)  And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity.

Everyone else alive at the return of Jesus will continue living as normal people within the Kingdom age.  Technological advancements will continue without the covering up and control of any government.  Many diseases and physical problems will be cured and lifespans will increase. 

It is often said by preachers: “being good will not save you” and “doing good works will not save you” and there may be some truth in those statements.  However, being good and doing good works will not place you in the first resurrection but it might place you on the side of the sheep and wheat at the second resurrection.  As noted in this article, “the one who did not know his master's will and did things worthy of punishment will receive a light beating” an individual caring for his fellow humans whether from ancient Africa or the jungles of South America will fare much better at the final judgment.  There is no wrong in doing right even if a person has never heard of the Laws of God.

The research that has been done to write this article has changed my understanding about salvation considerably.  There will eventually (soon I hope) come a time during the Millennial Kingdom where everyone will know and understand the Laws of God.  Most people will fervently attempt to live the standards of the Kingdom of God.  However, many will reject it in their heart because there will be a rebellion at the end of the Millennium by a large group called God and Magog.

Revelation 20:7-9 NET  Now when the thousand years are finished, Satan will be released from his prison  (8)  and will go out to deceive the nations at the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to bring them together for the battle. They are as numerous as the grains of sand in the sea.  (9)  They went up on the broad plain of the earth and encircled the camp of the saints and the beloved city, but fire came down from heaven and devoured them completely.

Some commentators claim that Ezekiel 38 and 39 is the same invading group as the one listed in Revelation 20:8 and the two prophecies are the same.  The Gog and Magog invasion of Ezekiel has already been fulfilled by the converted Khazarian Jews from Russia (along with Edomites and Persian Jews) who invaded and destroyed the Palestinians of Canaan and declared an unlawful state of Israel in 1948 (and they continue to destroy the Palestinians).  They are of the linage of Japheth and Japheth’s descendant named Ashkenaz.  Thus they are called Ashkenazi Jews.  It may be that the Gog and Magog uprising toward the end of the Millennium are the descendants of Ashkenazi Khazarian Jews, although they will not call themselves Jews during the Kingdom of God era.  It is said that Jerusalem will be destroyed prior to the return of Jesus Christ which will fulfill the destruction of the invaders as described in the Ezekiel prophecy in chapters 38 and 39.

Aion or Aionios
The doctrine of eternal punishment rests on the meaning of two Greek words: the noun aion (αιων) and its adjective aionios (αιωνιος). The noun aion is used in several different ways in the New Testament. The way that concerns us here is its use in phrases like eis ton aiona (εις τον αιωνα - literally to the eon) and eis aionas aionon (εις αιωνας αιωνων - literally to eons of eons). In traditional translations these phrases are translated as “for ever” and “for ever and ever”.  For example, “The smoke of their torment rises for ever and ever” (Revelation 14: 10-11). The adjective aionios has traditionally been translated eternal or everlasting. We find both the positive phrases eternal life, eternal inheritance etc and the negative phrases eternal fire, eternal judgment, eternal destruction (lostness) and eternal punishment.

Several phrases in both the Septuagint (Greek translation of the Old Testament Hebrew) and the New Testament show that often eis ton aiona cannot be translated for ever and actually be considered sensible.

He shall be your servant for ever' (Deut 15: 17).
Will you take him as a slave for ever?' (Job 41: 4).
That he may appear before the Lord and stay there for ever' (1 Sam 1: 22).
Its smoke shall go up for ever' (Is 34: 10).
The earth with her bars was about me for ever' (Jonah 2: 6).

No longer shall there ever be any fruit from you' (Mat 21: 19).
You will never (aion) wash my feet' (John 13: 8).
I will never eat meat again' (1 Cor 8: 13).

All these phrases are clearly limited in time. Many of them imply for life.
The following phrases in the New Testament show that aionios cannot always be translated eternal:

The mystery hidden for long ages past' literally 'hidden to aionios times' (Rom 16:25).
Before the beginning of time' literally 'before aionios times' (2 Tim 1: 9 and Titus 1: 2).

The Greek word aionios is also used to translate this Hebrew word olam in the Septuagint.  The Hebrew noun olam does not mean an age. Rather it comes from a verb root alam meaning to hide. The word olam implies hidden time. The phrase to olam looks forward as far as can be seen to the future time horizon, beyond which everything is hidden. The phrase from olam looks backward as far as can be seen to the past time horizon, beyond which everything is hidden.

When we look at the New Testament we find that the noun aion and the adjective aionios are used in exactly the same way. They look backwards or forwards to the time horizon, beyond which we cannot see. These words refer to the hidden spiritual realm, which is before, throughout and after time.

The things of God belong to a realm that is beyond time (or without time).  Eternal life, or we could say, aeonian life does not simply mean life that goes on for ever and ever. Rather it means spiritual life that is experienced in a dimension without time.  In a similar manner Aeonian judgment is not one that goes on forever as if God was counting time, rather it is a judgment that takes place in a spiritual dimension that is without time.

Lastly we will examine the phrase “eternal (aionios) judgement” in Hebrews 6: 2.  The root meaning of judgement is “separation”. The flesh must be separated from the spirit. It is a process that we should experience in this life. We should judge ourselves, if we do not want to be judged, and we must put to death the deeds of the flesh that we may walk in the spirit. If we are not willing for judgement now, it must come later.

Hebrews 6:1-2 KJV  Therefore leaving the principles of the doctrine of Christ, let us go on unto perfection; not laying again the foundation of repentance from dead works, and of faith toward God,  (2)  Of the doctrine of baptisms, and of laying on of hands, and of resurrection of the dead, and of eternal judgment.

The picture that now emerges from this section is not a fiery hell of unmitigated, unending torment.  Rather it is a place of judgement for correction (purifying the flesh from the spirit).  We should begin to visualize a loving Creator who will not be content with his created people until they are ultimately purged, purified, and cleansed of every sin.  He is taking infinite pains over their perfection. In our mind, His purposes may be long in their outworking, although we cannot comprehend a dimension without time, but in the end they will be perfectly accomplished.

1 Timothy 4:10 NET  In fact this is why we work hard and struggle, because we have set our hope on the living God, who is the Savior of all people, especially of believers.



Sunday, June 4, 2017

Atonement



ATONEMENT

The ultimate goal of this article is to dissect and analyze the Penal-Substitution Theory of the atonement which is popular among many confessing Christians although most would be unable to verbalize the theory.  To get down to the heart of the issue requires an attempt to understand various words associated with the atonement.  The problem lies in the various definitions of these words by English dictionaries, Greek dictionaries, and theologians, past and present, all of whom are influenced by their own particular theology which is not necessarily the same from source to source.

A dictionary definition of the word “Atonement”.

1. satisfaction or reparation for a wrong or injury; amends.
2. the doctrine concerning the reconciliation of God and humankind, especially as accomplished through the life, suffering, and death of Christ.

The word atonement, is almost the only theological term with an English origin. It was likely first used in Tyndale's English translation as derived from the phrase atonen, meaning "in accord," or literally, at one.  In the English Bible, it is mainly used to translate the Hebrew word kipur, although it is used once in the King James New Testament to translate the Greek word katallage (see Romans 5:11). Most modern translations render this word "reconciliation" in its other occurrences throughout the N.T.

The Day of Atonement was an annual day of repentance for the Old Testament people of Israel.  The rites or guidelines are set forth in Leviticus chapter 16 (also see Exodus 30:10; Leviticus 23:27-31, 25:9; Numbers 29:7-11).  It is described as a solemn fast, or a Sabbath on which no food or drink could be consumed, and on which all work was forbidden.  Sacrifices were offered by the high priest as an atonement for himself and for the people.  It was a day of national mourning and repentance. This was a Sabbath day celebration, which meant that no work could be done. Anyone who did not observe this Sabbath was to be cut off from his people, which is a euphemism for being put to death. This was a day when the people were to “humble their souls”

Notice that repentance was the necessary ingredient for the Day of Atonement in the Old Covenant.  In the NT Gospels John the Baptist requested that people repent of their sins and be baptized for the Kingdom of God was at hand.  Baptism is the metaphorical representation of death and resurrection which was finalized both physically and spiritually by Jesus Christ at His crucifixion and resurrection.

A dictionary definition of the word “Reconciliation”.              

1. an act of reconciling , as when former enemies agree to an amicable truce.
2. the state of being reconciled, as when someone becomes resigned to something not desired
3. the process of making consistent or compatible.

The words “Atonement”, “Reconciliation”, and “Propitiation appear to be used interchangeably within various versions of the New Testament as can be seen in the Appendix located at the end of this post. 

Then we come to the word Propitiate which is defined by a dictionary as:  to make favorably inclined; appease; conciliate (to overcome the distrust or hostility of; placate)

Romans 3:25 KJV  Whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith in his blood, to declare his righteousness for the remission of sins that are past, through the forbearance of God;

1 John 2:2 KJV  And he is the propitiation for our sins: and not for ours only, but also for the sins of the whole world.

1 John 4:10 KJV  Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins.

According to most Greek dictionaries, the word propitiate means to appease.

A dictionary definition of the word “Appease”.

1. to bring to a state of peace, quiet, ease, calm, or contentment; pacify; soothe: to appease an angry king.
2. to satisfy, allay, or relieve; assuage: The fruit appeased his hunger.

Definitions and enhancements of propitiation from Theopedia, keeping in mind, whether correct or incorrect, this is a personal statement of the Theopedia writer often biased by the writer’s beliefs, understandings, and theology.

"The language of propitiation specifically implies God's hatred of sin and emphasizes the gracious work of Christ as sin-bearer (Rom. 3:25). The Bible further includes the forensic, legal language of justification (Rom. 3:20-26, 4:25, 5:16-18). These images make clear the reality of our guilt and the required penalty."

"Propitiation means the turning away of wrath by an offering. In relation to soteriology, propitiation means placating or satisfying the wrath of God by the atoning sacrifice of Christ."

A definition by Charles C. Ryrie (1999-01-11) from Basic Theology:

"The word propitiation carries the basic idea of appeasement, or satisfaction, specifically towards God. Propitiation is a two-part act that involves appeasing the wrath of an offended person and being reconciled to them. Propitiation is that "by which it becomes consistent with his character and government to pardon and bless the sinner. The propitiation does not procure his love or make him loving; it only renders it consistent for him to exercise his love towards sinners."


The Penal-Substitution Theory as described by Theopedia:

The Penal-Substitution Theory of the atonement was formulated by the 16th century Reformers as an extension of Anselm's Satisfaction theory (see below). Anselm's theory was correct in introducing the satisfaction aspect of Christ's work and its necessity; however the Reformers saw it as insufficient because it was referenced to God's honor rather than his justice and holiness and was couched more in terms of a commercial transaction than a penal substitution. This Reformed view says simply that Christ died for man, in man's place, taking his sins and bearing them for him. The bearing of man's sins takes the punishment for them and sets the believer free from the penal demands of the law: The righteousness of the law and the holiness of God are satisfied by this substitution.

Relevant Scripture for the Penal-Substitution Theory
·  Isaiah 53:6 - "the LORD has laid on him the iniquity of us all."
·  Isaiah 53:12 - "yet he bore the sin of many, and makes intercession for the transgressors."
·  Romans 3:25 - Whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith in his blood, to declare his righteousness for the remission of sins that are past, through the forbearance of God; 
·  2 Corinthians 5:21 - "For our sake he made him to be sin who knew no sin, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God."
·  Galatians 3:13 - "Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us -- for it is written, Cursed is everyone who is hanged on a tree."
·  Hebrews 10:1-4  For the law having a shadow of good things to come, and not the very image of the things, can never with those sacrifices which they offered year by year continually make the comers thereunto perfect.  (2)  For then would they not have ceased to be offered? because that the worshippers once purged should have had no more conscience of sins.  (3)  But in those sacrifices there is a remembrance again made of sins every year.  (4)  For it is not possible that the blood of bulls and of goats should take away sins.

The Satisfaction theory formulated by Anselm

The Satisfaction (or Commercial) theory of the atonement was formulated by the medieval theologian Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109) in his book, Cur Deus Homo (lit. ‘Why the God Man’). In his view, God’s offended honor and dignity could only be satisfied by the sacrifice of the God-man, Jesus Christ.

Anslem believed that humans could not render to God more than what was due to him. The satisfaction due to God was greater than what all created beings are capable of doing, since they can only do what is already required of them. Therefore, God had to make satisfaction for himself. Yet if this satisfaction was going to avail for humans, it had to be made by a human. Therefore only a being that was both God and man could satisfy God and give him the honor that is due him.

UnGodly Sacrifice Article by William Adriano


Mr. Adriano does not agree with Penal-Substitution.

A Penal Substitutionary Atonement Theory perspective, though, will admittedly force us to say that there are two sides to the Father, one that wants to forgive (because it is merciful) and one that needs to punish (because it is just).

·  Jesus is demoted: he’s no longer a gift from God, but a solution to the problem of sin.
·  God is the one who cannot forgive without the death of an innocent.
·  God is the one who needs Jesus to step in and solve the problem if he is to forgive humanity.
·  Without Jesus, the Father can’t be merciful.
·  The Father runs the Son through the sacrificial machinery of the cross, discharges divine wrath, and finally has all conditions to mercy met.

The Church Fathers talked about evil, sin, Satan, and death having been defeated by the cross, but no wrath or blood sacrifices were needed.

Isaiah 53
The 53rd chapter of Isaiah and Psalms 22 are considered the go-to places for Penal-Substitution evidence scriptures.

Does God need to appease his wrath with a blood sacrifice to forgive us?
Was there no possible way for God to forgive our sins without the sacrifice of Jesus?  The OT “eye for an eye” was completely dismissed by Jesus.

Matthew 5:38-39 NET  "You have heard that it was said, 'An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.'  (39)  But I say to you, do not resist the evildoer. But whoever strikes you on the right cheek, turn the other to him as well.

He also refuted the '”Love your neighbor” and “hate your enemy” teaching by saying:

But I say to you, love your enemy and pray for those who persecute you,  (45)  so that you may be like your Father in heaven, since he causes the sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous.  Matthew 5:44-45 NET 

Jesus even maintains that God the Father loves His enemies and cares for those who persecute Him by sending rain on both the righteous and the unrighteous.  However, the PSAT claims that sin will be punished by eternal death in the lake of fire for all unbelievers who do not claim that Jesus paid for their sins on the Cross.

Without quoting the scriptures, any reader of the Gospels should be aware that Jesus forgave the sins of many people without demanding a sacrifice.

When Jesus was asked by Peter if he was required to forgive his brother at least seven times if he sinned against him, Jesus replied, “Not seven times, but seventy times seven.

Matthew 18:21-22 NET  Then Peter came to him and said, "Lord, how many times must I forgive my brother who sins against me? As many as seven times?"  (22)  Jesus said to him, "Not seven times, I tell you, but seventy times seven times!

Does God require a sacrifice prior to fellowshipping with sinners?
All Christians should believe that Jesus and the Father are One because Jesus made that statement:  “The Father and I are one."  John 10:30 NET 

There are several recorded instances of Jesus dining and fellowshipping with various types of sinners.  No sacrifice was performed, required, or asked to be performed.

Mark 2:14-17 NET  As he went along, he saw Levi, the son of Alphaeus, sitting at the tax booth. "Follow me," he said to him. And he got up and followed him.  (15)  As Jesus was having a meal in Levi's home, many tax collectors and sinners were eating with Jesus and his disciples, for there were many who followed him.  (16)  When the experts in the law and the Pharisees saw that he was eating with sinners and tax collectors, they said to his disciples, "Why does he eat with tax collectors and sinners?"  (17)  When Jesus heard this he said to them, "Those who are healthy don't need a physician, but those who are sick do. I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners."

Several of the Old Testament laws required restitution for theft, crop damage, living facilities damage, and bodily damage.  The defendant was required to pay or reimburse double, triple, or quadruple for stolen property and other claims.  Some minor criminal acts required stripes with a whip.  If the defendant or a near kinsman could not pay the cost of the restitution, the wrongdoer was sold as a slave with the proceeds being paid to the plaintiff.  However, the plaintiff could simply forgive the debt or wrongdoing and no further action would be taken.

Although not every professing Christian believes that Adam and Eve were the only two human beings on the planet at one point in time, however, without an Adam of some kind, the atonement theory would fall to pieces as will be shown.  Whether or not one believes that Adam had a glorified body as we are promised to someday have, the storyline hints that Adam purposely sinned (disobeyed God) and lost his glorified body thereby beginning a process of slowly dying until he eventually died.  All the progeny of Adam and Eve were born without a glorified body and all eventually died because all sinned in some manner as stated in Romans 5:12.

Romans 5:12-21 NET  So then, just as sin entered the world through one man and death through sin, and so death spread to all people because all sinned — (13)  for before the law was given, sin was in the world, but there is no accounting for sin when there is no law.  (14)  Yet death reigned from Adam until Moses even over those who did not sin in the same way that Adam (who is a type of the coming one) transgressed. 

(15)  But the gracious gift is not like the transgression. For if the many died through the transgression of the one man, how much more did the grace (mercy; clemency; pardon) of God and the gift by the grace of the one man Jesus Christ multiply to the many!  (16)  And the gift is not like the one who sinned. For judgment, resulting from the one transgression, led to condemnation, but the gracious gift from the many failures led to justification (the act of God whereby humankind is made or accounted just, or free from guilt or penalty of sin).

Justification is the act of God whereby humankind is made or accounted just, or free from guilt or penalty of sin.  The penalty of sin is permanent or everlasting death with no resurrection in the future plan – but resurrection from death was made possible by the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ.

 (17)  For if, by the transgression of the one man, death reigned through the one, how much more will those who receive the abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness reign in life through the one, Jesus Christ!  (18)  Consequently, just as condemnation for all people came through one transgression, so too through the one righteous act came righteousness leading to life for all people.  (19)  For just as through the disobedience of the one man many were made sinners, so also through the obedience of one man many will be made righteous.  (20)  Now the law came in so that the transgression may increase, but where sin increased, grace multiplied all the more,  (21)  so that just as sin reigned in death, so also grace will reign through righteousness to eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.

Can God forgive sins without a sacrifice?  Yes I believe so, but Jesus, who did not sin, conquered death, so that all would be able to live again through resurrection and eventually receive a glorified body.  God forgives sins, not because of the death of Jesus, but because those who believe that Jesus died, rose from the dead, and ascended into heaven desire to be a member of the family of God and desire to be a citizen of the Kingdom of God.  The temple of God is now within each believer with a token of the Holy Spirit of God to guide us and remind us not to sin.

Does God even desire a sacrifice?

Hosea 6:6 KJV  For I desired mercy, and not sacrifice; and the knowledge of God more than burnt offerings.

1 Samuel 15:22 KJV  And Samuel said, Hath the LORD as great delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices, as in obeying the voice of the LORD? Behold, to obey is better than sacrifice, and to hearken than the fat of rams.

Proverbs 21:3 KJV  To do justice and judgment is more acceptable to the LORD than sacrifice.

The scripture verses presented above demonstrate that God desires mercy, the knowledge of God, obedience to God, justice, and judgment.  To these actions and thoughts sacrifice has no value to God.

The familiar Romans 6:23 sums up the atonement theory.  We are sinners therefore we will die, but Jesus overcame death which allows us to also overcome death and live again.

Romans 6:23 KJV  For the wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.

Jesus was not crucified to pay the penalty for the accumulated sins of the world.  It is my opinion that a million crucifixions would not pay the penalty for the horrendous sins and atrocities committed during the past 6,000 years.  The death of Jesus only paid the penalty of one sin that was committed by Adam which resulted in the death of every living person.  Since the death penalty was defeated by Jesus, although everyone will continue to die, it is now possible for God to resurrect every person for an eternal life in the Kingdom of God.  Through Jesus Christ, death has truly been swallowed up in victory.

1 Corinthians 15:22 KJV  For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive.

1 Corinthians 15:54-57 NET  (54)  Now when this perishable puts on the imperishable, and this mortal puts on immortality, then the saying that is written will happen, "Death has been swallowed up in victory."  (55)  "Where, O death, is your victory? Where, O death, is your sting?"  (56)  The sting of death is sin, and the power of sin is the law.  (57)  But thanks be to God, who gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ!

Isaiah 25:7-8 NET  On this mountain he will swallow up the shroud that is over all the peoples, the woven covering that is over all the nations;  (8)  he will swallow up death permanently. The sovereign LORD will wipe away the tears from every face, and remove his people's disgrace from all the earth. Indeed, the LORD has announced it!

Hebrews 2:9 NET  but we see Jesus, who was made lower than the angels for a little while, now crowned with glory and honor because he suffered death, so that by God's grace he would experience death on behalf of everyone.

Many portions of Scripture completely affirm the deity of Jesus Christ, showing that at no time did He lose His divine nature. Yet the Bible teaches, equally strongly, that Christ became fully human.  The humanity of Jesus most likely required that He die as all humans before Him have died.  Although He was and is without sin, the sins of mankind since Adam resulted in the death of all people including Jesus Christ.  It is in that sense that Jesus bore the sins of many, and not that He died as an appeasement to God as payment for our sins which would allow our sins to be forgiven.  His resurrection from the dead broke the so-called “curse” of Adam which required that all people die because all people sin or are capable of sin.

And for which group of people did Jesus defeat death?  Everyone, of course.

Romans 3:22 KJV  Even the righteousness of God which is by faith of Jesus Christ unto all and upon all them that believe: for there is no difference:

1 Corinthians 15:22 KJV  For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive.

1 John 2:2 NET  and he himself is the atoning sacrifice for our sins, and not only for our sins but also for the whole world.

All (which means everyone or the whole world) shall be made alive.


APPENDIX
Atonement, Reconciliation, Propitiation as used in the New Testament
Atonement  -  Romans 5:11 G2643      Hebrews 2:17 NET

Reconciliation – 2Co 5:18&19 G2643, Hebrew 2:17 G2433

Reconcile – Eph 2:16 G604, Col 1:20 G604

Propitiation – Rom 3:25 G2435, 1Jn 2:2 G2434, 1Jn 4:10 G2434

The definitions of atonement, reconciliation, and propitiation as given in Strong’s
G2643   From G2644; exchange (figuratively adjustment), that is, restoration to (the divine) favor: - atonement, reconciliation (-ing).
G2433   Middle voice from the same as G2436; to conciliate, that is, (transitively) to atone for (sin), or (intransitively) be propitious: - be merciful, make reconciliation for.
G604   From G575 and G2644; to reconcile fully: - reconcile.
G2435   Neuter of a derivative of G2433; an expiatory (place or thing), that is, (concretely) an atoning victim, or (specifically) the lid of the Ark (in the Temple): - mercyseat, propitiation.
G2434  atonement, that is, (concretely) an expiator: - propitiation.

Atonement, Reconciliation, Propitiation and other alternatives used in various translations

Romans 5:11  atonement KJV; reconciliation NET, NIV, YLT, LITV, KJ3 ; conciliation CLV

Hebrews 2:17  atonement NET, NIV; reconciliation KJV; propitiation NKJV, Young’s, CLV, LITV, KJ3;

2Corinthians 5:18-19  reconciliation KJV, MLV, NET, NIV, YLT, ASV, CLV, LITV, KJ3, NKJV

Ephesians 2:16  reconcile KJV, MLV, NET, NIV, YLT, ASV, CLV, LITV, KJ3, NKJV

Colossians 1:20  reconcile  KJV, MLV, NET, NIV, YLT, ASV, CLV, LITV, KJ3, NKJV

Romans 3:25  propitiation KJV, NKJV, ASV, ALT, LITV, KJ3; mercy seat NET, YLT; sacrifice of atonement NIV; propitiatory shelter CLV;

NIV – New International Version
MLV – Modern Literal Version
CLV – Concordant Literal Version
NET – New English Translation
YLT – Young’s Literal Translation
LITV – Green’s Literal Translation